Что такое gnu лицензия

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Общественная лицензия GNU» в других словарях:

Универсальная общественная лицензия GNU — Запрос «GPL» перенаправляется сюда. Cм. также другие значения. Логотип GNU GNU General Public License (иногда переводят, как, например, Универсальная общественная лицензия GNU, Универсальная общедоступная лицензия GNU или Открытое лицензионное… … Википедия

GNU Lesser General Public License — Автор Free Software Foundation Версия 3 … Википедия

GNU General Public License — Запрос «GPL» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. GNU General Public License … Википедия

Лицензия BSD с тремя пунктами — Лицензия BSD, Программная лицензия университета Беркли (англ. BSD license) это лицензионное соглашение, впервые применённое для распространения операционных систем свободного программного обеспечения и используются для многих программ (помимо… … Википедия

Лицензия BSD с четырьмя пунктами — Лицензия BSD, Программная лицензия университета Беркли (англ. BSD license) это лицензионное соглашение, впервые применённое для распространения операционных систем свободного программного обеспечения и используются для многих программ (помимо… … Википедия

Лицензия BSD — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. BSD (значения). «Новая» лицензия BSD Автор Регенты Калифорнийского университета Издатель Общественное достояние Опубликована 1983[1] Совместима с DFSG Да … Википедия

Лицензия свободного программного обеспечения — Не следует путать с лицензией open source. Пожалуйста … Википедия

Лицензия open source — Не следует путать с лицензией свободного ПО. Пожалуйста, улучшите и дополните этот раздел. Замечания о том, что нужно улучшить … Википедия

Исходная лицензия BSD — Лицензия BSD, Программная лицензия университета Беркли (англ. BSD license) это лицензионное соглашение, впервые применённое для распространения операционных систем свободного программного обеспечения и используются для многих программ (помимо… … Википедия

Источник

Вкратце о лицензиях Open Source

Многие разработчики и дизайнеры хотят опубликовать свои работы в виде открытых проектов. Они хотят иметь возможность делиться своим кодом. Сообщество open-source с каждым днём всё прочнее стоит на ногах. Открытые программы существуют для любых видов задач, каких вы только можете себе вообразить. А многие веб-разработчики используют свободное ПО как фундамент для своей работы (WordPress, Drupal и многие другие CMS открыты, свободны и бесплатны).

Но ситуация такова, что лицензий open-source существует великое множество, и подчас нелегко понять что на самом деле они означают. Какие права получают разработчики, когда выбирают ту или иную открытую лицензию? Попробуем хотя бы в общих чертах разобраться.

Что такое лицензирование?

В двух словах: лицензирование даёт определённые полномочия сторонним лицам на использование вашего продукта.

Лицензирование является прекрасной альтернативой простой передаче продукта в общественное достояние или предоставлению разрешения в каждом конкретном случае. Выпустив на публику свой продукт, вы лишаетесь всех прав на него и никто вам ничем не обязан. В особо клинических случаях этот шаг чреват судебными тяжбами, если ваша программа причинила кому-то вред. А во втором случае, вы будете тратить больше времени на выдачу разрешений, чем на саму разработку.

Лицензии open-source предоставляют людям возможность внести свой вклад в проект не спрашивая ни у кого специального разрешения. Они также защищают вас как автора, что гарантирует хотя бы наличие вашего имени в списках разработчиков. Это также обезопасит вашу работу от кражи другими лицами.

GNU General Public License

Лицензия GNU GPL одна из самых часто используемых лицензий для open-source проектов. GPL гарантирует широкий диапазон прав разработчикам, которые работают над открытыми проектами. Она позволяет пользователям легально копировать, распространять и модифицировать ПО. Это означает, что вы можете:

Копировать программное обеспечение.
Копировать на свои серверы, на серверы клиентов, на собственный компьютер, да и вообще куда угодно. Также нет никаких ограничений на количество сделанных копий.

Распространять программное обеспечение по своему усмотрению.
Можете сделать прямую ссылку на своём сайте. Можете записывать на болванки и дарить друзьям. Можете распечатать исходники программы, сделать из них самолётики и пускать с крыши дома.

Зарабатывать на распространении программного обеспечения.
Если вы хотите продавать бесплатное ПО – нет проблем. Но вы обязаны приложить к нему лицензию GPL, в которой разъясняется тот факт, что это ПО вообще-то бесплатное. Многие зарабатывают на технической поддержке, почтовой рассылке дисков и т.п.

Делать какие угодно модификации ПО.
Если вы хотите добавить или убрать какой-то функционал программы – нет никаких преград для этого. Если вы хотите использовать часть кода в своём проекте, вы имеете на это право. Условие состоит лишь в том, что проекты, основанные на GPL должны и дальше распространяться под этой лицензией.

Использовать GPL очень легко. Необходимо лишь внести необходимую информацию в исходный код своей программы и приложить к нему копию GPL.

GNU Lesser General Public License

От GNU появилось много производных лицензий. Самая популярная из них – LGPL. Она даёт несколько больше прав, чем стандартная GPL. Обычно используется для лицензирования библиотек, которым нужно работать в связке с не-GPL и с не-открытыми программами. Так как GPL требует, чтобы ПО с участками GPL также распространялось под GPL, разработчики не могут использовать код под GPL-лицензией для разработки проприетарного коммерческого ПО. LGPL даёт такое право.

Лицензия BSD

Существует целое семейство BSD-лицензий, которые накладывают гораздо меньше ограничений на распространение продукта, чем строгая GPL. Среди всей палитры BSD-лицензий, существуют 2 наиболее используемые: New BSD/Modified BSD и Simplified BSD/FreeBSD. Обе GPL-совместимы и одобрены в качестве свободных лицензий влиятельной организацией Open Source Initiative.

Лицензия New BSD разрешает неограниченное распространение с любой целью, не даёт никаких гарантий и не несёт никакой ответственности. Лицензия содержит также положение, ограничивающее использование имён участников проекта для подтверждения работы без специального разрешения. Говоря нормальным языком, “делайте с кодом что хотите, но не говорите, что это вы его написали”. Основное различие между New BSD и Simplified BSD в том, что последняя не включает в себя пункт этого “специального разрешения”.

MIT License

Лицензия MIT, наверное, самая короткая и самая обобщённая из всех популярных лицензий open-source. Её положения более либеральны, чем в других лицензиях. Основные положения выглядят следующим образом:

Данная лицензия разрешает, безвозмездно, лицам, получившим копию данного программного обеспечения и сопутствующей документации (в дальнейшем именуемыми “Программное Обеспечение”), использовать Программное Обеспечение без ограничений, включая неограниченное право на использование, копирование, изменение, добавление, публикацию, распространение, сублицензирование и/или продажу копий Программного Обеспечения, также как и лицам, которым предоставляется данное Программное Обеспечение, при соблюдении следующих условий:

Вышеупомянутый копирайт и данные условия должны быть включены во все копии или значимые части данного Программного Обеспечения.

Что всё это значит:

Вы можете использовать, копировать и модифицировать программное обеспечение как вам угодно. Никто не может препятствовать вам использовать такое ПО в своих проектах, копировать столько раз, сколько нужно и модифицировать так, как вы хотите.

Вы можете предоставлять своё ПО бесплатно, а можете и продавать его. Нет никаких ограничений по этому поводу.
Единственное ограничение состоит в том, что ваше ПО должно сопровождаться лицензионным соглашением.

Проще говоря, каждый может делать всё, что нужно до тех пор, пока продукт сопровождается лицензией.

Лицензия Apache

Лицензия Apache, версия 2.0, даёт набор чётких прав. Эти права могут быть применимы как к копирайтам, так и к патентам. Так как многие лицензии могут быть применимы только к копирайтам или только к патентам, гибкость лицензии Apache имеет в определённых случаях очевидное преимущество.

Вот основные положения:

Права вечны
Как только они вам предоставлены, вы можете использовать их всегда.

Права глобальны
Если права выданы в одной стране, то они распространяются и во всех других странах. Например, если вы живёте в США, а оригинальная лицензия была выдана в Индии, вы всё равно не ограничены в использовании кода (ничего не могу сказать про Украину, Россию и Белоруссию, у нас всё очень зыбко).

Права дарованы безвозмездно
Плата за пользование ни в коем случае не взимается.

Права не эксклюзивны
Вы можете использовать работу, как и любой другой.

Права неотъемлемы
Никто не может отобрать у вас права. Другими словами, вам не стоит беспокоится о том, что однажды, создав некий потрясающий код, кто-то скажет вам: “Извини, но ты больше не можешь его видеть”.

У распространения кода также есть специальные требования, в основном они касаются упоминания имён разработчиков.

Creative Commons

Лицензия Creative Commons (CC) не совсем open-source лицензия, так как она обычно используется в мультимедиа и дизайн-проектах. Существует широкое множество CC-лицензий и каждая из них даёт определённые права. У CC есть 4 основных положения, которые могут быть использованы по одиночке или в комбинации друг с другом. Вот они:

Атрибуция (указание авторства) – BY
Эта лицензия позволяет другим распространять, перерабатывать, исправлять и развивать произведение, даже в коммерческих целях, при условии указания автора произведения. Это наиболее свободная лицензия, с точки зрения того, что могут делать с произведением пользователи.

Копилефт – SA
Эта лицензия позволяет другим модифицировать, исправлять и развивать произведение даже в коммерческих целях при условии указания авторства и лицензирования производных работ на аналогичных условиях.

Некоммерческое использование – NC
Работа может модифицироваться, распространятся и т.д., но только для некоммерческих нужд. Понятия “коммерческий” и “некоммерческий” немного расплывчаты. Например, некоторые могут интерпретировать “некоммерческий” как синоним фразы “не для продажи”. Другие могут могут предположить, что они не имеют права на использование даже там, где просто есть реклама. В общем, “коммерческий” означает какую-либо материальную выгоду.

Без производных – ND
Это значит, что вы можете копировать и распространять лицензированную работу, но не имеете права модифицировать её или создавать собственные работы на основе оригинала.

Как уже было сказано, эти составляющие можно комбинировать. Наиболее жёсткая лицензия — “С указанием авторства – Некоммерческая – Без производных” (BY-NC-ND). Это наиболее хороший вариант для того, чтобы освободить свою работу, но сохранить над ней контроль. А наименее жёсткая лицензия — “С указание авторства” (BY) означает, что люди могут использовать вашу работу до тех пор, пока указывают ваше авторство.

Лицензии CC разработаны для дизайнерской работы, а не для разработки ПО, но ничто не мешает использовать её в обеих случаях. Просто внимательно пройдитесь по всем пунктам и выберите то, что вам по душе.

Вот шесть наиболее часто используемых лицензий мира open-source. На самом деле их намного больше, некоторые источники уверяют, что около 60-ти. Многие практически дублируют друг друга с некоторыми небольшими оговорками, что создаёт сложности в их выборе и использовании. Open Source Initiative работает над тем, чтобы сократить их количество до приемлемого. Я же считаю, что на все случаи жизни хватило бы и четырёх: GPL, LGPL, BSD и CC. Рекомендую вам более подробно ознакомиться с каждой из них, а если вы заинтересовались использовать эти лицензии в своём бизнесе, как это делают IBM, Google и сотни других крупных компаний, обязательно проконсультируйтесь со своим юристом. В постсоветских странах, насколько мне известно, нет никакой правовой защиты open-source лицензий, по крайней мере не было ни одного судебного прецедента. С другой стороны, юристы OSI (Open Source Initiative) гарантируют защиту ваших прав по каждой из указанных лицензий.

Поправка от tarzanasg:
«Некоммерческое использование – NC» и «Без производных – ND» к open source не относятся. Применение этих условий делает лицензию и тексты с медиафайлами собственническими.

Источник

Что такое gnu лицензия

Version 3, 29 June 2007

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.

The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.

For the developers’ and authors’ protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users’ and authors’ sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions.

Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users’ freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.

Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

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“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.

“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.

“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is addressed as “you”. “Licensees” and “recipients” may be individuals or organizations.

To “modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a “modified version” of the earlier work or a work “based on” the earlier work.

A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program.

To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some countries other activities as well.

To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.

An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.

1. Source Code.

The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. “Object code” means any non-source form of a work.

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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.

The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.

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All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.

You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.

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4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.

You may convey verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:

A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.

A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.

“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.

If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).

The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.

Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.

7. Additional Terms.

“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.

When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.

If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.

Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.

8. Termination.

You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party’s predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

11. Patents.

A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor’s “contributor version”.

A contributor’s “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor’s essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.

In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient’s use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

12. No Surrender of Others’ Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.

14. Revised Versions of this License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

16. Limitation of Liability.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

The hypothetical commands `show w’ and `show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

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