Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
Symbols of Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the worldβs second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the worldβs longest land border.
The National symbols of Canada represent all that the nation stands for, its people, places, traditions and cultures. For every citizen of Canada, the National symbols offer a sense of pride and honor in being a part of such a beautiful and diverse nation. The various National symbols of Canada are:
β’ The National flag
β’ The National anthem
β’ The Coat of Arms
β’ The Maple leaf
β’ The National animal
National Flag
The National flag of Canada was officially adopted and inaugurated in the year 1965 after several years of political debate over the flagβs design. The National flag holds a special place of honor as one of the foremost national symbol of Canada and therefore treated with much reverence.
Canadaβs official National flag is colored red and white, the countryβs official colors, and its center bears a maple leaf which is Canadaβs traditional emblem.
National anthem
βO Canadaβ was officially declared the National anthem of Canada on 1st July, 1980, a century after it was first sung in 1880. The original lyrics of the anthem were written in French by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier and the music was composed by Calixa Lavallee. Over the subsequent years, several English versions of the anthem were also created. The official English version of the anthem was written by Mr. Justice Robert Stanley Weir.
As a National symbol of the country, βO Canadaβ is sung at sporting events, school assemblies and other formal occasions of national importance.
Official Lyrics of O Canada!
Lyrics O Canada (English version)
O Canada!
Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From far and wide,
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
Lyrics O Canada (French version)
Β« O Canada! Terre de nos aueux,
Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!
Car ton bras sait porter lβepee,
Il sait porter la croix!
Ton histoire est une epopee
Des plus brillants exploits.
Et ta valeur, de foi tremp?e,
Protegera nos foyers et nos droits.
Protegera nos foyers et nos droits. Β»
Lyrics O Canada (Bilingual version β non official)
O Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command,
Car ton bras sait porter lβepee,
Il sait porter la croix!
Ton histoire est une epopee
Des plus brillants exploits,
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
National Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (From sea to sea)
National colors: Red and White
History records that in the First Crusade Bohemund I, a Norman lord, had red crosses cut from his mantles and distributed to the 10,000 crusaders, who wore them as a distinctive badge on their garments.
In subsequent crusades, each nation was distinguished by a cross of a different colour. France long had a red cross on its banners while England used a white cross. In the course of history, red and white alternated as the national colours of France and England.
Red and white were approved as Canadaβs official colours in the proclamation of her coat of arms in 1921.
In 1957, the colour of the maple leaves on the shield of the Royal Arms of Canada was changed from green on a white ground to red on a white ground in recognition of Canadaβs official colours.
The Maple leaf
The history of the maple leaf as a symbol of Canada can be traced back as early as 1700. As Canadaβs National emblem, the maple leaf appears on the national flag and coins and for many years it was used as a symbol of the Canadian Armed Forces. The maple leaf attained official status subsequent to the adoption of the new National flag of Canada which bears the leaf in its center.
Well before the coming of the first European settlers, Canadaβs aboriginal peoples had discovered the food properties of maple sap, which they gathered every spring.
In 1834, the St. Jean Baptiste Society made the maple leaf its emblem.
In 1836, Le Canadien, a newspaper published in Lower Canada, referred to it as a suitable emblem for Canada.
In 1848, the Toronto literary annual The Maple Leaf referred to it as the chosen emblem of Canada.
Alexander Muir wrote The Maple Leaf Forever as Canadaβs confederation song in 1867; it was regarded as the national song for several decades. The coats of arms created the next year for Ontario and Quebec both included the maple leaf.
The maple leaf today appears on the penny. However, between 1876 and 1901, it appeared on all Canadian coins. The modern one-cent piece has two maple leaves on a common twig, a design that has gone almost unchanged since 1937.
In 1957, the colour of the maple leaves on the arms of Canada was changed from green to red, one of Canadaβs official colours.
On February 15, 1965, the red maple leaf flag was inaugurated as the National Flag of Canada.
Maple trees have played a meaningful role in the historical development of Canada and continue to be of commercial, environmental and aesthetic importance to all Canadians. Maples contribute valuable wood products, sustain the maple sugar industry and help to beautify the landscape. Maple wood, which varies in hardness, toughness and other properties, is in demand for flooring, furniture, interior woodwork, veneer, small woodenware, and supports several flourishing industries in eastern Canada. Maple is also highly prized in furniture building and cabinet-making.
The maple tree was officially proclaimed national arboreal emblem of Canada on April 25, 1996. It was published in the Canada Gazette on May 15, 1996.
National animal
Canada has two national animals β the beaver and the Canadian Horse.
The Beaver associated with the discovery of the country itself. As an official National symbol, the beaver appears on several Canadian memorabilia like stamps and coins. The beaver is a symbol of ingenuity and perseverance. The beaver officially became the emblem of Canada on 24 March, 1975. Beaver is more popular than Bieber)))
The Canadian Horse is another animal commonly seen as a national symbol of Canada. The government of Canada passed a bill in 2003, which made the Canadian Horse an official symbol and a national animal of Canada. This animal is associated with the agricultural traditions and historical origins of the province of Quebec, and hence, provincial legislation recognized the Canadian Horse as a βheritage breed of Quebecβ.
The origin of the name Β«CanadaΒ» comes from the expedition of explorer Jacques Cartier up the St. Lawrence River in 1535. The Iroquois pointing out the route to the village of Stadacona, the future site of Quebec City, used the word Β«kanata,Β» the Huron-Iroquois word for village. Jacques Cartier used the word Canada to refer to both the settlement of Stadacona and the land surrounding it subject to Chief Donnacona.
By 1547, maps were showing the name Canada applied to everything north of the St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence River was called the Β«rivi?re du CanadaΒ» by Cartier.
Canada wasnβt the only name. Other names suggested at the time of Confederation were: Victorialand, Borealia, Cabotia, Tuponia (The United Provinces of North America), Superior, Norland, Hochelaga.
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ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ° Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ Β«ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅Β». Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡ, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ!
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ
ΠΠ»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ β Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ! ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅:
ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ.ΠΏ.
Π ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. Π₯ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ? ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Canada topic ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ (Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ.ΠΏ.). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Ρ Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ topic Canada, ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ | ||
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ | Π’ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡ | ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ |
Canada | [ΛkΓ¦nΙdΙ] | ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° |
country | [ΛkΚntri] | ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° |
independent | [ΛΙͺndΙͺΛpΙndΙnt] | Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ |
state | [steΙͺt] | Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ |
democracy | [dΙͺΛmΙkrΙsi] | Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ |
monarchy | [ΛmΙnΙki] | ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ |
federation | [ΛfΙdΙΛreΙͺΚΙn] | ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ |
government | [ΛgΚvnmΙnt] | ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ |
geographical position | [Κ€ΙͺΙΛgrΓ¦fΙͺkΙl pΙΛzΙͺΚΙn] | Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ |
coastline | [ΛkΙΚstlaΙͺn] | Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ |
population | [ΛpΙpjΚΛleΙͺΚΙn] | Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ |
demographics | [ΛdiΛmΙΛgrΓ¦fΙͺks] | Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ |
attractions | [ΙΛtrΓ¦kΚ(Ι)nz] | Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ |
history | [ΛhΙͺstΙri] | ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ |
nature | [ΛneΙͺΚ§Ι] | ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° |
climate | [ΛklaΙͺmΙͺt] | ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ |
natural resources | [ΛnΓ¦Κ§rΙl rΙͺΛsΙΛsΙͺz] | ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ |
economy | [i(Λ)ΛkΙnΙmi] | ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° |
capital | [ΛkΓ¦pΙͺtl] | ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° |
city | [ΛsΙͺti] | Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ |
people | [ΛpiΛpl] | Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ |
official language | [ΙΛfΙͺΚΙl ΛlΓ¦ΕgwΙͺΚ€] | ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ |
economic center | [ΛiΛkΙΛnΙmΙͺk ΛsΙntΙ] | ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ |
multinational | [ΛmΚltΙͺΛnΓ¦ΚΙnl] | ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ |
to be situated | [tuΛ biΛ ΛsΙͺtjΚeΙͺtΙͺd] | ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ |
to be washed by | [tuΛ biΛ wΙΚt] [baΙͺ] | ΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ |
to border | [tuΛ ΛbΙΛdΙ] | Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ |
to include | [tuΛ ΙͺnΛkluΛd] | Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ |
territory | [ΛtΙrΙͺtΙri] | ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ |
majority | [mΙΛΚ€ΙrΙͺti] | Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ |
indigenous | [ΙͺnΛdΙͺΚ€ΙͺnΙs] | ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ |
forest | [ΛfΙrΙͺst] | Π»Π΅Ρ |
member of the United Nations | [ΛmΙmbΙr Ιv Γ°Ι jΚΛnaΙͺtΙͺd ΛneΙͺΚΙnz] | ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ |
Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊ Β«ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π°Β» Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅ΠΌ!
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ:
Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π±Π·Π°ΡΡ.
Canada is one of the largest countries in the world. This country is situated in the north part of Northern America and it is the largest country on this continent. Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural beauty. Its area is almost 10 million km2 and in size this country is the second in the world after Russia. The country has the longest coastline, which is washed by the three oceans: Atlantic, the Pacific and the Arctic. Canada is often called the Β«Land of the Maple LeafΒ», because the maple leaf is the national emblem of the country. |
Canada is very rich in forest. It also has many lakes, mountains, prairies and sparsely populated arctic areas. The territory of the Canada includes lots of islands, most known of which is the Canadian Arctic Islands. The state of Canada shares land and sea borders with the USA, Denmark and France. Canada has the population of about 34 million and the official languages of the country are English and French. The last is spoken by 23 % of inhabitants. Nearly 60 percent of the population speak English and the rest speaks other languages (German, Italian, Chinese, Polish, Ukrainian and etc.).
ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ, Π³ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². Π’Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π¨ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ 34 ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° 23% ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ 60 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ (Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.).
Canada is a sovereign state. Its government type is confederation with parliamentary democracy. The state includes ten provinces and three territories. Officially the Queen of Canada is Elizabeth II, but she remains the nominal head of state. The Parliament of Canada passes the laws of the country. It is based on the British Westminster system, with a lower House of Commons, and an upper Senate. The head of government is the Prime Minister. Besides, each province has its own government.
ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° β Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ 10 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ½ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
The capital of Canada is Ottawa. It is situated on the bank of the Ottawa River and is known as the city of bridges. Ottawa has many attractions, national government monuments and beautiful parks. Another important city in Canada is Toronto. It is the largest city of the country. Toronto is a huge megalopolis with lots of skyscrapers and office buildings. This city is called the main cultural and economic center of English-speaking part of the country. Montreal and Vancouver should also be noted among the famous Canadian cities. Montreal is the second-largest French-speaking city in the world after Paris. And Vancouver was the host city for the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ
ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±Π°Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ.
ΠΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠ»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ 150 Π»Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Π°Ρ Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ°. Π‘ΠΈΡΠΎΠΏ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ.
ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ, Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Ρ ΠΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ²Π΅Π±Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ°Π±Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ±Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Ρ Π’ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π°Π»Ρ. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅. Π 1976 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ³Ρ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π°Π»Π΅.
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ. Π ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΌΡΡΒ». ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ.
Π‘ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 600 Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Β«ΠΌΡΡΒ».
ΠΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π². ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² 1873 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ.
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π³
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π³, Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ²Π΅Π±Π΅ΠΊΠ° Ρ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅ΠΉ
Π₯ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-ΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ, Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π’ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ.
Π₯ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π°, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΈΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π·Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΒ».
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ± ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ
Π£ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² 1921 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅ΡΠ± ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π¨ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ± ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°Π» ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π². ΠΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π»Π΅Π² Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅ΡΠ± ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ.
Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ» Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ», ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅.
ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ . Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π° Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡ Π ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» Π‘ΡΠ΅Π½Π»ΠΈ Π£ΠΈΡ.
Π ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±Π²ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ
Π£Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ³Π°, ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ, Π° Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½Π°, Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.